“How we finished with a similar circuit was more flexible than I expected,” said Zaremba. “You can build the same circuits from different types of cells.”
Zaremba and her team also stated that in the birds of neurons, which begin development in different regions, can mature to the same type of neuron in an adult. This occurred in relation to previous views, which maintained that separate regions of the embryo must generate different types of neurons.
In mammals, brain development follows an intuitive path: cells in the almond body region at the beginning of development end in an adult almond body. Cells in the area of the embryo bark are in the bark for adults. But in the birds, “there is a fantastic reorganization of the leadership,” said Güntürkün, it is “nothing we expected.”
In summary, the research provides clearest evidence that birds and mammals have independently evolved brain regions for elaborate cognition. They also echo Previous research from the Tosches laboratorywho stated that the mammal of Tenworek has evolved regardless of the Gadu DVR.
However, it seems likely that there was a certain heritage from a common ancestor. In the third study, in which deep learning was used, Kempynck and his co -author Nikolai Hecker discovered that mice, chickens and people Share some of the DNA sections This affects the development of a modern or DVR bark, which suggests that similar genetic tools work in both types of animals. And as previous studies suggested, research groups have shown that braking neurons or those that are mute and modulating neural signals were preserved between birds and mammals.
However, the discovery did not fully solve the debate of Karten and Puelles. Whose ideas were closer to the truth? Tosches said Puelles was right, while Güntürkün thought that the discoveries were better reflected in Karten’s ideas, although Puelles would partially satisfy. García-Asreno shared the difference: “They were both right; none of them were wrong,” he said.
How to build intelligence
Intelligence has no user manual. It is arduous to define, there is no perfect steps for it and there is no optimal project, said Tosches. Innovations can happen in the biology of the animal, whether in modern genes and their regulations, or in modern types of neurons, circuits and brain regions. But similar innovations can evolve many times independently – the phenomenon known as coincidence – and this is perceptible throughout your life.
“One of the reasons why I like these articles is that they really emphasize many differences,” he said Bradley ColquittMolecular neuronneeunem at UC Santa Cruz. “It allows you to tell: what are the various neural solutions that these organisms came up with to solve similar problems of life in a complex world and be able to adapt to a rapidly changing ground environment?”
Octopus and squid, regardless of mammals, developed eyes resembling a camera. All birds, bats and insects took the sky themselves. Archaic people in Egypt and South America have independently built pyramids-the most structurally effective shape that will be a time test, García-Moreno said: “If they make a tower, it will fall. If they make a wall, it won’t work.”
Similarly, “there are limited degrees of freedom in which an intelligent brain can be generated, at least in vertebrates,” said Tosches. Dehydrated outside the field of vertebrates, and you can generate an clever brain in many strange ways – from our perspective. “It’s a wild West,” she said. For example, the octopus “developed intelligence in a completely independent way”. Their cognitive structures do not look like ours, except that they are made of the same wide type of cell: neuron. However, the octopuses were caught to perform amazing feats, such as escaping from aquarium tanks, solving puzzles, unscrewing jars and wearing shells as a shield.
Colquitt said that it would be thrilling how the octopus has evolved intelligence using really divergent neural structures. In this way, it may be possible to indicate any absolute restrictions on the evolution of intelligence in all species of animals, not only vertebrates.
Zaremba said that such discoveries can ultimately reveal the common features of various intelligence. What are the brain components that can critically think, exploit tools or create abstract ideas? This understanding can facilitate in the search for extraterrestrial intelligence – and improve our artificial intelligence. For example, the way we are currently thinking about using evolution insights to improve AI is very anthropocentric. “I would be really curious if we can build like artificial intelligence from the perspective of birds,” said Kempynck. “How does a bird think? Can we imitate it?”
Original story reprinted with consent from How much warehouseIN Independent editor publication Simons Foundation whose mission is to augment public understanding of science by covering the development of research and trends in mathematics and physics and life sciences.